Complete English Grammar Guide: Parts of Speech, Sentence Structure & Subject-Predicate

Complete English Grammar Guide: Parts of Speech, Sentence Structure & Subject-Predicate

English Grammar Basics • Perfect for Beginners • Urdu Explanations • Updated December 2025 • 28 min read

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Understanding English grammar is like building a house — you need a strong foundation. This complete guide covers the three essential pillars: 8 Parts of Speech, Basic Sentence Structure Rules, and Subject-Predicate Relationships. Perfect for Urdu speakers starting their English learning journey.

📚 Part 1: The 8 Parts of Speech in English (Complete Guide)

Parts of speech are the building blocks of English. Every word in English belongs to one of eight categories. Understanding these is essential for forming correct sentences.

💡 Key Insight: In Urdu, we call these اقسام کلام. The English system is similar but with some important differences.

1 Noun - نام

Names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Type English Examples Urdu Examples Usage in Sentences
Common Noun city, book, teacher شہر، کتاب، استاد Karachi is a big city.
Proper Noun Ali, Lahore, Quran علی، لاہور، قرآن Ali reads the Quran daily.
Collective Noun team, family, class ٹیم، خاندان، کلاس Our family is very large.
Abstract Noun love, happiness, freedom محبت، خوشی، آزادی Happiness is important for everyone.

اسم کسی شخص، جگہ، چیز یا خیال کا نام ہے۔

2 Pronoun - ضمیر

Replaces a noun to avoid repetition.

Type Examples Urdu Equivalent Example Sentence
Personal I, you, he, she, it میں، تم، وہ He is my brother.
Possessive my, your, his, her میرا، تمہارا، اس کا This is my book.
Demonstrative this, that, these, those یہ، وہ، یہ سب، وہ سب This is my house.
Relative who, which, that جو، جس The man who called is my uncle.

3 Verb - فعل

Shows action or state of being.

Action Verbs: run, eat, write, speak (دوڑنا، کھانا، لکھنا، بولنا)

State Verbs: be, seem, have, know (ہونا، لگنا، رکھنا، جاننا)

Example: She teaches English. / I am a student.

4 Adjective - صفت

Describes or modifies a noun.

صفت اسم کی خوبی یا خاصیت بتاتی ہے۔

Type Examples Usage
Descriptive beautiful, tall, intelligent She is a beautiful girl.
Quantitative some, many, few, five I have five books.
Demonstrative this, that, these, those That car is expensive.

5 Adverb - متعلق فعل

Modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

متعلق فعل فعل، صفت یا دوسرے متعلق فعل میں تبدیلی کرتا ہے۔

Type Examples Answers the Question Example
Manner quickly, slowly, beautifully How? She sings beautifully.
Time now, yesterday, soon When? I will go tomorrow.
Place here, there, everywhere Where? Come here.
Frequency always, sometimes, never How often? He always speaks truth.

6 Preposition - حرف جار

Shows relationship between nouns/pronouns and other words.

حرف جار دو الفاظ کے درمیان تعلق ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

Common Prepositions: in, on, at, under, between, with

Examples: The book is on the table. / She goes to school.

Urdu Equivalent: میں، پر، سے، کے ساتھ

7 Conjunction - حرف عطف

Connects words, phrases, or clauses.

Type Examples Urdu Meaning Example
Coordinating and, but, or اور، لیکن، یا Tea and coffee.
Subordinating because, if, when کیونکہ، اگر، جب I study because I want to learn.
Correlative either...or, both...and یا تو...یا، دونوں...اور Either come or call.

8 Interjection - حرف ندائیہ

Expresses strong emotion.

Examples: Wow! Oh! Oops! Hurray! Alas!

Urdu Equivalent: واہ! اوہ! اف!

Note: Often followed by exclamation mark (!)

⚠️ Common Mistake: Many Urdu speakers confuse adjectives and adverbs. Remember: Adjectives describe nouns, adverbs describe verbs.

🏗️ Part 2: English Sentence Structure Rules for Beginners

English sentences follow specific patterns. Unlike Urdu (which is SOV: Subject-Object-Verb), English uses SVO structure.

💡 Important: English follows SVO order: Subject + Verb + Object
Urdu follows SOV order: فاعل + مفعول + فعل

Basic Sentence Patterns

Pattern Formula Example Urdu Structure
Pattern 1 Subject + Verb Birds fly. پرندے اڑتے ہیں۔
Pattern 2 Subject + Verb + Object Ali reads books. علی کتابیں پڑھتا ہے۔
Pattern 3 Subject + Verb + Adjective She is intelligent. وہ ذہین ہے۔
Pattern 4 Subject + Verb + Adverb He runs quickly. وہ تیز دوڑتا ہے۔
Pattern 5 Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object She gave me a gift. اس نے مجھے تحفہ دیا۔

4 Types of Sentences

Type Purpose Example Urdu Example
Declarative Makes a statement I am learning English. میں انگریزی سیکھ رہا ہوں۔
Interrogative Asks a question Are you learning English? کیا آپ انگریزی سیکھ رہے ہیں؟
Imperative Gives a command Learn English daily. روزانہ انگریزی سیکھیں۔
Exclamatory Expresses strong emotion What a beautiful language! کیا خوبصورت زبان ہے!

Word Order Rules

Rule 1: Subject comes before verb (except in questions)

Rule 2: Adjectives come before nouns (unlike Urdu)

Rule 3: Adverbs usually come after verbs

Rule 4: Time expressions often come at the end

Comparison Example:

English: The beautiful girl sings sweetly every day.

Urdu: خوبصورت لڑکی روزانہ میٹھی گاتی ہے۔

🎯 Part 3: Subject and Predicate Explained with Examples

Every complete sentence has two main parts: Subject and Predicate.

💡 Simple Definition:
Subject: Who or what the sentence is about
Predicate: What the subject is or does

Subject - فاعل

The subject is the person, place, thing, or idea that performs the action or is described.

Subject Type Example Urdu Explanation
Simple Subject The boy plays cricket. لڑکا کرکٹ کھیلتا ہے۔
Complete Subject The young boy from Lahore plays cricket. لاہور کا چھوٹا لڑکا کرکٹ کھیلتا ہے۔
Compound Subject Ali and Ahmed study together. علی اور احمد اکٹھے پڑھتے ہیں۔

Predicate - خبر

The predicate tells something about the subject.

Predicate Type Example What it Tells
Simple Predicate The boy plays. Action only
Complete Predicate The boy plays cricket in the park. Action + details
Compound Predicate The boy plays cricket and studies English. Multiple actions

Finding Subject and Predicate

Step 1: Ask "Who or what is doing something?" = Subject

Step 2: Everything else = Predicate

Example: My elder brother | teaches mathematics at the university.

Subject: My elder brother

Predicate: teaches mathematics at the university

Common Errors in Subject-Predicate Agreement

Incorrect Correct Rule
She like English. She likes English. Singular subject needs -s/-es
They goes to school. They go to school. Plural subject doesn't need -s/-es
My friend and I is studying. My friend and I are studying. Compound subject needs plural verb

📝 Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Identify Parts of Speech

Identify the underlined words:

  1. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
  2. She speaks English fluently.
  3. Oh! I forgot my keys.
  4. Ali and Ahmed are brothers.

Exercise 2: Correct the Sentence Structure

Correct these Urdu-influenced English sentences:

  1. I to school go every day.
  2. She beautiful very is.
  3. Book my this is.

Exercise 3: Identify Subject and Predicate

Separate subject and predicate:

  1. The students of this class study very hard.
  2. My mother cooks delicious food for us.
  3. English grammar becomes easy with practice.
📚 Answers Available: Check our Grammar Answers Page for detailed solutions to all exercises.

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: What are the most important parts of speech for beginners?

A: Start with nouns, verbs, and adjectives. These three cover about 80% of basic English sentences.

Q2: Why do Urdu speakers struggle with English sentence structure?

A: Because Urdu uses SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) order while English uses SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Example: Urdu says "I English learn" while English says "I learn English."

Q3: Can a sentence have no subject?

A: In imperative sentences (commands), the subject "you" is implied but not stated. Example: "(You) Sit down."

Q4: How can I remember all 8 parts of speech?

A: Use the acronym: Naughty Verb Adores Adjective Preposition Conjunction Pronoun Interjection

🎯 Final Recommendations

  • Start Small: Master 2-3 parts of speech each week
  • Practice Daily: Form 5 simple sentences every day
  • Think in English: Try to think simple thoughts in English structure
  • Use Resources: Bookmark this page for quick reference

انگریزی گرامر مشکل نہیں ہے۔ روزانہ تھوڑی سی مشق آپ کو ماہر بنا سکتی ہے۔

🚀 Start Your English Grammar Journey

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